Nature of Globalisation

Nature of Globalisation Critically Consider The Nature Of Globalisation. In So Doing, Identify And Examine The Various Elements Associated With The Process Of Globalisation. It would be fair to say that globalisation had its beginnings just after the 2nd world war, in December 1945, when 15 countries entered discussions to end blind customs tariffs (World Trade Organisation). The aim of this move was to end the years or protectionism which had led up to WWII (World Trade Organisation). It was believed that the terrible economic status of countries after WWI led to WWII. It was thought that if countries trade and economies were more interlinked it would be possible to avoid war in the future (European Commission). This was the basis for creating the European Community (EC), where the aim was to create a common market economy. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was also created at about this time following a first round of negotiations. This step was a relatively small one as the agreement only affected 1/5 of the world trade (World Trade Organisation), however it was an important first step in trade liberalization. There were further discussions in an attempt to create the International Trade Organisation in conjunction with the Havana Charter; however this was not supported by the United States, spelling its end (World Trade Organisation). GATT was the only means of governing world trade until the creation of the World trade organisation. Although GATT was relatively limited in its powers, its reductions in tariffs and general trade liberalization helped to spur on world trade growth by 8% a year between 1950 and 1960 (World Trade Organisation). A good sign that this GATT was working was that trade growth continued to outpace production growth (World Trade Organisation). This means that countries were trading, not because they had a giant surplus of product but because the future benefits around economic growth were clear. However GATT was not without its problems, economic recessions between 1970-1980 caused Governments to use other methods to protect sectors facing increasing foreign investment (World Trade Organisation). With the closure of factories and an increase in unemployment, the governments of America and Western Europe set out to subsidise agriculture in order to maintain large trade (World Trade Organisation). This practice made it economically undesirable to export agricultural produce to these subsidise d countries as the price of the local goods was largely brought down by the government, meaning it would be very difficult to attract consumers to the same, more expensive product. This was effectively a barrier to world trade and would have been damaging to the GATT agreement. With increased globalisation, the limitations of the GATT started to be seen. The trade in services was not governed by the GATT, but it was increasing in importance to world economies. Loop holes were being exploited in The GATT agreements (World Trade Organisation), and this led world leaders to believe that there was a need for a more unilateral agreement. The World trade organisation was born and has become the unilateral trade governing body. The GATT was not the sole point of this global push, another organisation, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), started in 1961, with the aim to ‘Supporting sustainable economic growth, boost employment, raise living standards, maintain financial stability, assist other countries economic development contribute to growth in world trade (Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development). These initiatives are a summary of the political will of the time which had such a driving force on globalisation. The speed of change has been facilitated by rapid technological change. Technological change has had a number of steps. The first satellite-delivered basic cable service was called the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN); later The Family Channel was launched in 1977. From 1981 to 1985, the â€Å"big-dish† C-Band satellite market began to take off. System sales soared as hardware prices fell. The increased access that this brought around the globe allowed TV images to be transmitted to the world (Marples, 2008). This process allowed one nations culture and principles to be transmitted very quickly around the globe, therby changes in one country, typically the USA would influence changes elsewhere, where people perceived others to be living better. The demand for information and growth in telephonic communication led to a growth in the 1970s of the telecommunications network, with more ‘trunk lines linking major countries. This both facilitated and satisfied the growing need to communicate across countries (Webb Associates). IBM introduced the desktop personal computer (IBM PC) in 1981. This led to the explosive growth in the computer industry which facilitated the development of global supply chains, where computers linked together in a network could control the management of stock worldwide. The benefits of this were quickly recognised and required the infrastructure to support large data transmissions (Webb Associates). This caused a huge expansion in the 80s of fibre optic cables required for rapid data transmission. As a result many companies invested in the manufacture of this new cable (Ivan P. Kaminow, 2002), however with the sheer number of companies producing the cable its value dropped enormously, which in turn caused more of the cable to be used in networking (Ivan P. Kaminow, 2002). The next step in this chain reaction was the introduction of faster computers to deal with this massive increase in data transmission; Moores laws states that the ‘number of chips in a computer doubles every 18 months (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica). This ever increasing demand and supply of faster computers has driven the development of centralised computer facilities which in turn has promoted the use of faster broadband. This is known as the network effect which drives technology (Nordhaus, 2000). This led to the development of the World Wide Web in the early nineties which gave a further boost to rapid g lobal communications and the need for faster data transmission. The internet spawned a new generation of on-line businesses that traded across the globe, eg Amazon in 1995 (Internet Story). In order to get the most benefit from technology it is best if everyone has it. For example the social networking site Facebook, would be useless if only a few people used it. Similarly technologies such as mobile phones require a high degree of integration as the technologies become useless if limited to those who have the same handset as each other (Dix). One markets use of a given object drives another through seeing the use of it and wanting it themselves (Dix). These technological changes created greater awareness in one market of what was available in another and eventually giving direct access to it via on-line trading. This was creating what has been referred to as ‘The Global Village (Absolute Astronomy). McLuhan describes how the globe has been contracted into a village by electric technology and the instantaneous movement of information from every quarter to every point at the same time. In bringing all social and political functions together in a sudden implosion, electric speed has heightened human awareness of responsibility to an intense degree. Alongside this technological development was the opening up of China in 1978, with the launch of its economic reform program (Huchet, 2006). This allowed China to become the global source of manufacturing (Huchet, 2006). Many companies saw the opportunity to manufacture high value, small electrical items at a low cost. This brought down the price of technology overall, which helped to bring popular electrical items like computers to the masses. It is important to see why the opening up of China was such a large world event in the process of globalisation. China had been isolated from the international world from 1949-1979 (Woo, 2003), so 1/5th of the worlds population had not participated in world trade and investment systems (Woo, 2003), leaving a large void to be filled. This caused the massive relocation of labour intensive industries to China to take advantage of this sudden new opportunity. It is the suddenness of this opportunity which has really caused the dramatic increase in the rate of globalisation. To highlight this increasing rate of globalisation the direct financial investment of a country can be examined. In 1997 China had $44.2 billon of direct investment, in 2002 this figure had risen to $52.7 billion (Woo, 2003), this dramatic increase shows that in the space of 5 years the amount of investment entering China has increased dramatically, showing that growth is not slowing. Due to Chinas massive population, it is also responsible for a large number of world imports, with the growth in Chinese importing between 2002 and 2003 growing by 30% (Stetten, 2005). Arguably culture has been most affected by globalisation. Peoples culture is affected by what they see every day. The export of American movies has dramatically changed some cultures by the assimilation of elements of western culture (Flynn). This exposure particularly affects attitudes to women, birth control and the demand for certain products (eg Coca Cola). The exposure to global media has also caused world fads to arise through product exposure (Lechner); products such as Pokà ©mon and Tamagotchi are a good example of this. Massive increases in the amount of international travel and tourism have caused countries to learn the culture of another through greater exposure to their people (Freesun News, 2009). Immigration from one country to another has introduced one countrys culture to another, which is then passed down to subsequent generations (The University of Iowa Centre For International Finance and Development). The popularity of World sports events such as the Olympics or The Football World Cup are definitely due to increased global communication and generalised culture attracting support from around the world (Freesun News, 2009). In conclusion the process of globalisation was underpinned by the belief that to avoid future wars it was beneficial to promote sustainable economic growth and thereby boost employment and raise living standards, whilst maintaining financial stability to assist other countries economic development and thereby contribute to growth in world trade. This mindset led to the creation of world trade governing bodies, such as the World Trade Organisation and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and The European Union. These organisations set out to liberalize trade through the removal of import/export tariffs and protectionism by governments. The rapid increase in the rate of globalisation has been facilitated by the introduction of technology which has allowed fast communication and transport between geographically distant places. The admission of China into the world trade market has increased supply and demand for finished products which is further boosting industry around the world. References Dix, A. (n.d.). eBulletin. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Network Effects and Market Engineering: http://www.hiraeth.com/alan/ebulletin/network-effects/ Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. (n.d.). Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Moores Law: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/705881/Moores-law European Commission. (n.d.). EUROPA. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from The history of the European Union: http://europa.eu/abc/history/index_en.htm Flynn, D. A. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Revisiting Globalisation through the movie and digital games industries: http://web.mit.edu/cms/Events/mit2/Abstracts/KerrFlynn.pdf Freesun News. (2009, 09 29). Travel Tourism: Unity through Diversity in the Age of Globalization. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Travel Tourism: Unity through Diversity in the Age of Globalization: http://www.freesun.be/news/index.php/travel-tourism-unity-through-diversity-in-the-age-of-globalization Huchet, J.-F. (2006). Social Research. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from The emergence of capitalism in China: an historical perspective and its impact on the political system: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_1_73/ai_n26878471/ Ivan P. Kaminow, T. L. (2002). Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV: B. Systems and impairments. London: Academic Press. Lechner, J. B. (n.d.). Globalization and World Culture. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Globalization and World Culture: http://www.sociology.emory.edu/jboli/isb408026.pdf Nordhaus, W. D. (2000, June 13). Technology, Economic Growth, and the New Economy. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from http://www.econ.yale.edu/~nordhaus/homepage/sweden%20061300c.PDF Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development. (n.d.). About OECD. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development: http://www.oecd.org/pages/0,3417,en_36734052_36734103_1_1_1_1_1,00.html Stetten, M. D. (2005). China and Globalisation. Intereconomics , 40 (4), 226-234. The University of Iowa Centre For International Finance and Development. (n.d.). Immigration Globalization. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Immigration Globalization: http://www.uiowa.edu/ifdebook/issues/globalization/readingtable/immigration.shtml Woo, W. T. (2003, 12 04). The Economic Impact of Chinas Emergence as a Major Trading Nation. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from The Economic Impact of Chinas Emergence as a Major Trading Nation: http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/woo/Woo.US-China%20statement.1Feb04.pdf World Trade Organisation. (n.d.). The GATT years: from Havana to Marrakesh. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from World TRade Organisation: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact4_e.htm Select A Multinational Company That Has Existed For At Least 20 Years. Assess How The Process Of Globalisation Has Influenced The Development Of Your Chosen Company Unilever is one of the largest global players in the fast moving consumer goods sector with annual sales of â‚ ¬40,5bn (Company Accounts 2008). However, it started from humble beginnings in Bolton in 1886 when William Lever established a soap manufacturing company called Lever Brothers with his brother James. In this essay I will attempt to set out how the process of globalisation has influenced this company. Unilever was started in the 1890s by the Lever brothers, who introduced Sunsilk Soap to Victorian England. Within a short time Lever was selling soap throughout the UK, as well as in continental Europe, North America, Australia, and South Africa (Unilever). Lever began a tradition at this time that lasted well into the 20th centurythat of producing all its raw components. Lever Brothers, a vertically integrated company, grew to include milling operations used to crush seeds into vegetable oil for margarine as well as packaging and transporting businesses for all of its products, which then included Lux, Lifebuoy, Rinso, and Sunlight soaps. In the early 1900s, Lever was using palm oil produced in the British West African colonies. Lever was therefore an early example of a global company (Unilever). In 1914, as the German Navy began to threaten the delivery of food importsparticularly Danish butter and Dutch margarine, the British government asked Lever to produce margarine. This was eagerly accepted as the margarine business was thought to be compatible with the soap business because the products both required oils and fats as raw materials. Lever Brothers successful diversification, however, put the company in competition with Jurgens and Van den Bergh, two leading, long established Dutch margarine companies. This is an early example of global competition (Unilever). Jurgens and Van den Bergh merged to form the Margarine Unie and after two years of discussion, Lever Brothers and The Margarine Unie decided that an ‘alliance wasted less of everybodys substance than hostility and merged on September 2, 1929 and Unilever was born. This was an early example of cross border mergers. The reason for this merger being that both companies used animal fats and oils as their raw materials. The end result of the merger was a company that bought and processed more than a third of the worlds commercial oils and fats and traded more products in more places than any other company in the world an early example of global scale. The decade following World War II was a period of recovery for Unilever, culminating by the early 1950s in rapid economic growth in much of the Western world with the development of the various global trade bodies discussed earlier. Until 1955 demand in Unilevers markets continued to rise and competition was not a major issue. However as markets grew the demand sucked in global competitors, particularly from the USA and Germany and profit margins dropped and success was less assured. Unilevers strategy through this period was to use its global financial scale to acquire companies in new areas, particularly food and chemical manufacturers. Among the postwar acquisitions were U.K. frozen foods maker Birds Eye (1957) and U.S. ice cream novelty maker Good Humor (1961) (Jones). The advent of the European Economic Community created new opportunities for Unilever. Since the late 19th century, when the companies that comprised Unilever had set up manufacturing facilities they had been located in various European countries to avoid tariff restrictions and where it was most economical. Under the Common Market, many of the tariff restrictions that had spawned the multinational facilities were eliminated, giving the company an opportunity to consolidate operations and concentrate production in lower-cost countries and thereby reduce its overall costs. During the 70s Unilever progressively consolidated its manufacturing operations across Europe, taking advantage of the economies of scale of the larger European Union Market (Unilever). As the world economy expanded during the sixties and seventies Unilever set about developing new products and entering new markets. It was Unilevers management and technological capability allied to great financial strength based on its success in Europe that made it possible to enter these markets. It developed a global management structure facilitated by improved communications and the growth of air travel (Unilever). Throughout its history Unilever has grown through acquisitions, using its global financial scale to purchase local or regional companies that gave additional scale or access to new markets or adjacent markets, Ponds, Calvin Klein and Ben Jerrys to name a few. These acquisitions all represent foreign investment which without the process of globalisation would never be possible (Newinternatiomalist). As individual markets blurred and a more international view of markets was taken we can see the emergence of global brands such as Sure deodorant, known as Rexona globally. This emergence of global brands required Unilever to restructure its business to remain competitive. In the 1980s Unilever undertook a massive restructuring (Unilever). The company sold most of its service and ancillary businesses, such as transport, packaging, advertising, and other services that were readily available on the market, and went on a buying spree, snapping up some 80 companies between 1984 and 1988 (Unilever). The restructuring was designed to concentrate the company in those businesses that we properly understand, in which we have critical mass, and where we believe we have a strong, competitive future, Unilever PLC Chairman M.R. Angus told Management Today in 1988 (International Directory of Company Histories). Specifically, Unilevers core businesses were detergents, foods, toiletries, and special ty chemicals. This was followed in late 1990s by a comprehensive review of Unilevers wide-ranging businesses in an effort to focus on the strongest core areas: ice cream, margarines, tea-based beverages, detergents, personal soaps, skin care products, and prestige fragrances with several other areas identified as developing core areas: frozen foods, culinary products, hair care products, oral care products, deodorants, household care products, and industrial cleaning products (Unilever). Businesses outside of these areas were sold including its largest disposal the selling of its specialty chemicals business to Imperial Chemical Industries PLC for about US$8 billion. As the pace of globalisation increased, Unilever had to focus more on global brands and in 1999 Unilever announced that it would eliminate about 1,200 of its brands to focus on around 400 regionally or globally powerful brandsa group that accounted for almost 90 percent of 1998 revenue. This sweeping overhaul of the product portfolio was aimed at increasing annual growth rates from four percent to six to eight percent and at eventually reaping annual savings of  £1 billion. Unilever has focussed further in the 21st century on 12 â‚ ¬1bn global brands (Unilever). Like with most multinational companies Unilever manufactures many of its products away from the destination market, in order to reap the benefits of cheaper labour and increased profit margins. It operates a global supply chain and, for example, a forecast planner in the UK will control the output from factories in Germany or France and a planner in Singapore may control a plant in China. It is due to the technological synchronisation of the worlds telecommunications and broadband systems that this has become possible, coupled with the ability to send expatriate managers out to foreign countries to develop new operations and transfer management know how. International organisations also have had an effect on the development of Unilever. In 2008 Green Peace targeted Unilever for obtaining palm oil for its soap from non sustainable sources (Jones). Unilever responded by announcing it would source all palm oil from sustainable sources. It is this flow of information from geographically distant countries, facilitated by international organisation, which has undoubtedly forced Unilever to develop to remain in the public good. International competition has always been an issue for Unilever, with international competitors like Proctor and Gamble (USA), Nestle (Switzerland), Kao (Japan) to name but a few. This international pressure has shaped Unilever and its markets. This kind of international competition shows how the world is no longer working on a country level, the entire globe is seen as a single market in terms of competition and as such Unilever faces many different competitors depending on which country it is marketing a product towards. References International Directory of Company Histories. (n.d.). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Unilever PLC Unilever N.V.: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2840600220.html Jones, G. (n.d.). Working Knowledge. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Unilever—A Case Study: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/3212.html Newinternatiomalist. (n.d.). Newinternatiomalist. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from History of Unilever: http://www.newint.org/issue172/simply.htm Unilever. (n.d.). History. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from http://www.unilever.com/aboutus/ourhistory/

The Theories of Sex and Gender Essay -- Comparison Compare

The Theories of Sex and Gender Sex and gender are two very separate factors in the debate of how gender acquisition occurs. Sex is a biological fact determined by the chromosomes inherited from parents. Gender however, refers to the behaviour, beliefs, attitude and sense of identity that society perceives as being appropriate for either a male or a female, and therefore gender is regarded as a social fact. MOGHADDAM (1998, as cited in HARALAMBOS et al, 2002). There are four main theories in the gender acquisition debate, Evolutionary Psychology, Psychoanalytical Theory, Social Learning Theory and Cognitive-development Theory. This paper aims to describe and evaluate Social Learning Theory and Cognitive-development Theory. Social Learning theorists believe the development of gender occurs as a result of a child’s social experience and think much of this learning can be explained by conditioning and observational learning. Sex-role and gender behaviours are learned in the same way as any other behaviour. In terms of conditioning, parents socialise their children, preparing them for adult gender roles by providing them with gender-appropriate toys. In many societies girls are given dolls and cooking equipment in preparation for the maternal and domestic aspects of their adult gender role. BANDURA & WALTERS (1963, as cited in HARALAMBOS et al, 2002) Social Learning theorists also think that children learn gender roles from same sex role models such as parents, peers, teachers and media figures who provide children with opportunities to observe and imitate behaviours, this is known as observational learning. O... ...r cognitive and motivational factors. This new theory, Social Cognitive Theory, suggests that a child has it’s own ability to regulate his/her own activities according to the rules of gender appropriate behaviour. This combines Social Learning Theory with Cognitive Development Theory and shows a move from parental control over this process to an understanding that children actively evaluate situations and adapt their behaviour accordingly. This more recent theory aims to broaden and combine earlier approaches and to develop them further. Reference List ============== Cardwell.M, Clark.L, Meldrum.C (2000) Psychology for A Level London Harper Collins Haralambos.M, Rice.D, Foreman.N, Jones.S, Stenner.P, Brown.S, Kinderman.P, Sharp.K (2002) Psychology in Focus for A Level Lancashire Causeway Press

Is The Criminal Justice System Racially Biased? Essays -- essays resea

Is the Criminal Justice System Racially Biased? Most criminologist use two sources of criminal justice data in the United States: the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and the National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS). The URC data is made from law enforcement agencies and include crime incidents reported to or obtained by the police. NCVS data is obtained from a very complex national survey of a sample of homes and provide information about crime incidents and victims for both reported and unreported crimes, excluding homicide. For my report I obtained research information from questionnaires and from several text books. I gave the questionnaire concerning bias in the criminal justice system to four whites, four blacks, one Asia, and one Mexican. Although this sample is not representative of racial attitudes in general, it can used to develop a better sense of differences among students. To discuss my findings fully I must define a few terms. The Criminal Justice System is the network of agencies that respond to crime, including the police, courts, jails, and prisons. Minority Group is a group of people who, because of physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out for differential and different and who regard them as objects of collective discrimination. Discrimination is the act of singling out for unfair treatment. Labeling is stereotyping, or putting a tag on someone, and treating them accordingly. Self-fulling Prophecy is an expectation about how things will be the situations that they predicted or expected. Finally, Differential Association is the idea that interacting with others learns criminal behavior. It is no secret whites and blacks in America experience life differently because of their race. Therefore, whites and blacks view the criminal justice system differently. My research found 70% of those studied agree the courts do not offer equal treatment. Although both agree that the system is biased, whites seem to have a more positive view about the whole system, while Blacks feel the system is corrupt and works' against them. 50% of my non-white sample and 20% of my white sample felt the courts discriminate. James Henslin, author of the text Social Problems, states "[Violent crime] recedes with income ... people with higher incomes live in better, more affluent and less viole... ...that continue to target poor minorities. My results did show that there was differences in the way black and white students in American society view the criminal justice system. Because race can be compared to SES non-whites have a more negative view of how often police discriminate. On the other hand whites are not ignorant to the negative police discrimination non-whites face; nevertheless they feel it happens much less than it actually does, or almost never. Similar, in the courts, more non- whites feel their is discrimination. My answer to this could be that non-whites are being convicted, going to jail and receiving the death penalty, while white are the ones suing, and are not getting convicted for crimes when they are arrested. While we all agree the criminal justice system is corrupt, my studies show, whites and blacks disagree with the extent to which it happens. This is an obvious result because blacks and whites are in two separate moral communities. Blacks have been negatively labeled, and stigmatized as lower class citizens who cause trouble. Inturn they have been the victim of legislation that keeps them in the dismal status they are in.

The Effects of Wishes :: essays research papers

Throughout history people have been mislead to believe that happiness can only be found through achieving what you think you want. For example, it is rare to read a fairy tale that doesn’t involve a hero obtaining his goals and living happily ever after with the one he loves. Few authors have dared to write about the reality of life in fear that the response from audiences who are used to happy endings would be negative. Charles Dickens and James Hilton are two authors that took that chance and each produced a novel that did not necessarily have a happy ending. Charles Dickens illustrates in his book, Great Expectations, and James Hilton presents in his novel, Lost Horizon, that life is full of surprises, and happiness is not always found in the things we think we want.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The hero in each of these novels is on a quest for happiness. Pip, from Great Expectations, believes that if he were to become a gentleman he would be content with his life. On the contrary, Conway in Lost Horizon is searching for peace of mind and where he can think without disturbance. Each character’s quest brings them to the realization that there are consequences for every action, and obtaining your goals is difficult when enduring the obstacles of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main objective of Pip and Conway’s quests is to obtain a talisman. Dicken’s Pip is looking for materialistic items such as money, while Hilton’s Conway is looking for knowledge that can last you a lifetime. Though both characters end up achieving their own talisman, it proved to not be the only key for happiness as expected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the quest for the each talisman, a mentor guided each of the heroes. In Great Expectations, his benefactor, Magwitch, guides Pip during his quest by providing him with money when needed. The High Lama enlightened Conway with knowledge and gave him guidance, in Lost Horizon, therefore filling the position of a mentor towards him. Both mentors fulfilled the main characters with their talismans, but it was up to the heroes to determine what was best for their life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The settings in the novels were different and therefore affected the main characters in various ways. The setting for Great Expectations was nineteenth century England where money was a major part of society. Pip felt obligated to obtain money in order to marry and live an exceptional life.

History of human Essay

The whole history of humankind is inseparably linked to the changes in the dynamics of the population growth that consequently pushed the start of the process of migration. Since ancient times, humankind started to spread from its cradle across the world in quest for a better life. Just recall the Bible stories about the 40 year trip of the Sons of Israel headed by Moses across the desert in search for the land of promise. It might be a fairy tale, but nevertheless it could be the real prove that mass migrations of population have already occurred in those times. Due to absence of reliable information, it’s very hard to estimate the dynamics of people migration throughout the world up to the beginning of the XIX century. At that time European counties started to conduct population census relatively precocious to modern standards. But lets’ get back to the very term â€Å"migration†. Here’s the definitions given by the hyperdictionary. Migration: 1. [n] the movement of persons from one country or locality to another; 2. [n] the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding; 3. [n] (chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule; 4. [n] a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period). However, the definitions relating to the â€Å"people migration† is very brief and I would give the following definition to the term. Migration- is the movement of a person or a group of persons from one locality to other caused by different socioeconomic or other factors. We should differentiate between 2 main types of migration- internal- domestic (people move from one region to another within the borders of one country) and external-interstate migration (from one country to another); we also should discriminate between emigrants (leaving their homeland for a permanent settlement in oversees) and refugees-(those who seek escape from war and disasters, and those people fleeing from persecution based on political or religious beliefs). In last decades the number of people looking for a better life has drastically increased. Nowadays, at the beginning of the XXI century nearly 1 of 35 tellurians is a migrant. If all these people would live in one common state, then it would be the fifth biggest by its population country on the planet with approximately 175 millions of inhabitants. It testifies, that migration is one of the most substantial global sociological phenomenon of our times having a deep impact on the economies and societies ways of life. The last statement is completely proved by the history of the USA, the country that was founded by colonists or in other words migrants. Since the October 12th of 1492 when Columbus have discovered a New World, it became a tasty piece of pie for the European monarchies to bite- a perfect place to develop all the treasuries of new lands and spread the influence. But to conquer the New World, Old Europe needed to build settlements and it led to increase of migrants flow that went to America in hope to get richer, some to escape from never ending wars in Europe, from persecutions based on religious beliefs (Pilligrims), some to propagate Roman-Catholic Christianity. So, the conquest began, but it led to horrible results- many local ethnic groups were wiped out (South America, conquistadors). The whole territory of the New World was divided between the European powers; however the rivalry between them existed, as England was in a constant war with France and its allies. There were one more source for this tension not in Europe but in the New World- it was the population growth of the British continental colonies from 250 thousands people in 1700 up to 1. 75 million in the 1760s. Step by step England forced out France and Spain over the most territories of North America, so London had a vast territories with the population greatly spread over them to guard. With time, the colony was becoming more and more detached from the British Empire. Trying to stop this process, England tried to grab the control over the colony, but with every year the confrontation between colonists and English Parliament grew more and more, until in 1775 American revolution revolved. After gaining independence in 1783, the American society was a ethnic diversity –British (not English as migrants were arriving from all the regions of British isles), French, Spanish colonists, Africans (taken to the continent as slaves), and aborigines- Indian tribes (gradually driven out from their homeland by the colonists). So came the 19th century, the times, when all the circumstances favored the economic growth of the former colony, as there still were undeveloped and wealthy in natural resources lands. The unification of the States and abolishment of slavery favored the arrival of new migrants, so grow the labor force, and it must be added it was a cheap labor force. As a vivid example, is an American railroad system, in building of which Chinese immigrants took a great part (in fact it was build on the bones of the letter, ‘cause of the harsh conditions, absence of health security system and low pay). At those times, a domestic migration rates grew, caused by the well known discovery of gold in Alaska and California (Gold Fever). Poor people from all over the country rushed to those places in hope to find gold and get rich. By the end of 19 century the American nation still was not completely formed. It was rather a â€Å"pot mix† of nations than an ultimately formed nation. The flow of immigrants have not stopped, but received a new push after the beginning of WWI and with subsequent fall of European Empires (Austrian -Hungarian and Russian empire). In those and succeeding years, the number of emigrants from Europe, especially from former Russian Empire has drastically grown. Those emigrants helped to build the economy of the US, as many of them were not just simple unskilled workers, but in many cases intelligent persons. For example, Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky, a famous Russian-American aircraft designer, who was born in Kiev (Ukraine, state within the Russian Empire) and after the revolution immigrated to the USA. Altogether, with his friends and companion-who were also emigrants from Russia, he founded his company â€Å"Sikorsky Aviaengeneering† that some time later became a part of â€Å"United Aircraft† company. In 1972 he passed away being a honorable member of different scientific societies and having a lot of different awards. The man is gone long time ago, but still the design bureau bearing his name produce aircrafts. However, not always the migrants were warmly received. In last decades, many countries have made their policy line much tougher concerning reception and help given to refugees and immigrants. According to the UN statistics, such measures have shown themselves in increased number of refugee status accordance denial. The emigrants and refugees experienced and experience lots of problems beside the migration rules and regulations, but also the confront a much more serious problem, such as – xenophobia, a highly negative attitude of native population toward the comers There’re many reasons for such attitude (just recall Martin Scorsese’s â€Å"Gangs Of New York â€Å"). As usually migrants are coming from the poorer states and ready to work for less money then the native population. In most cases here, the natives are afraid that comers would take their job places. Moreover, illegal migrants may easily beef up the criminal lines, as in most cases they unqualified and unable to find job. There’s also a collision of cultures and mentalities. In such rugged conditions, the migrants start to consolidate and create detached groups, living on own principles, preserving their original way of life. It’s some kind of a protective mechanism against new socium. For example, in many American cities, there’re many culturally â€Å"detached† areas such as China Town and Briton Beach (Russian quarters in Big Apple) etc. In those places, the migrants preserving their native culture and customs, it’s a place where the migrants attempt to reproduce the things they had at homeland. Nevertheless, these days, immigrants constitute an important part of a labor –market in industrially developed countries. According to the statistics of OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), in many Western states, the interest for the labor potential of foreigners is on the rise. Here we could divide the demand for labor force into two categories- demand for unskilled and demand for qualified laborers. The developed countries are in a constant need for a cheap work force to work in some industries, where the local don’t want to work, for example building industry. So here help the migrant workers. These laborers in most cases work temporarily until their visa expire, then in some time they return back home otherwise become illegal immigrants. The qualified workers in most cases go to the developed countries for a permanent residence, called by the companies interested in their services. In most cases, these companies are working in the Hi-Tech sphere of business, and the latter is booming today, so there’s a lack of well qualified staff to fit the demand. As one of the examples was a problem of â€Å"Y2K†, when most of IT companies in the USA and other countries felt the need to increase the number of qualified personnel to fix the bug in computers before the upcoming of the year 2000. There’s another very interesting fact about the immigrants. It’s the money they send back home to families, they are of a great importance for developing countries economies. In values, such money transfers are taking the second place after the foreign investments as a source of oversees inpayments into the economy of developing countries. In 2002 the total amount of individual foreign transfers to developing countries constituted 72,3 billions dollars. The other important issue of that global community facing toady is illegal human trafficking. It’s not just illegal border crossing, but a very profitable business for the international crime syndicates, that proliferates prostitution, slave labor etc. This problem is or highest importance for the international community and today there’s an urgent need to consolidate all efforts of international bodies and of all the counties to stop this dirty business sucking huge profits from the eternal human strive to find a better life†¦ References 1. www. hyperdictionary. com 2. http://www. geocities. com/davidbofinger/vinland_h. htm 3. http://historicaltextarchive. com/sections. php? op=viewarticle&artid=651 4. http://historicaltextarchive. com/sections. php? op=viewarticle&artid=597 5. http://www. sikorskyarchives. com/indexlnk. html 6. http://www. un. org/popin/data. html 7. www. oecd. org 8. www. oecdobserver. org/

Payments Method

Fee-for-service is when a tolerant pays a fee for the run provided by a wellnesscare supplier. According to Valerius et al. (2012), the more patients a physician sees in the fee-for-service, the more charges the health plan repays (section 1. 4, p. 11). On the other hand, capitation requital cycles involve the first party, which is the patient, policyholder or employer (Valerius et al, 2012). as well the capitation payment cycle includes the second party, which is the provider and insurance specialist, as well as the third party, which is the health plan (Valerius et al, 2012). Capitation is a fixed payment method, which a certain amount of money is reimbursed to the provider for patients enrolled for a specific time frame heedless(prenominal) of the go delivered or how many use visits(Valerius et al, 2012).In this situation of capitation, the money is current before the patient even visits the office, and if the patient does not receive medical go for that specific time (V alerius et al, 2012). Furthermore, the physician agrees to choose on the risk that an insured exclusive will utilize more services than the fee covers, and use less services (Valerius et al, 2012). Nevertheless, the physician still only collects the assure vagabond, even if their expenses are higher than the rate for the time frame, and the physician risks getting less per office visit revenue.

Nanotech N Nanoscience

Nano scientific discipline vs. Nano engine room Introduction Student take up Lesson Overview In this lesson, you get knocked break(p) learn the departures in the midst of Nanoscience and Nano engineering science. cardinal argon extremely exciting, however ingest distinct dissimilitudes in what the people in these fields do. passim this lesson youll be asked to research and discuss what is happening in nanoscience and nanotechnology. A traffic circle is going on in both fields and the potential for a lot more is HUGE. Before coming to strain unadulterated the on-line(a) fellowship canvas (KP) called KP Nanoscience vs Nanotechnology.Objectives At the obliterate of this lesson you get out be able to do the quest ? run several ca workouts of nanoscience exploration and research activities ? nominate several examples of nanotechnology innovations and products ? Correctly apply the terms Nanoscience and Nanotechnology to polar situations ? Tell an another(prenom inal) person what the differences are amid Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Resources subject area Nanotechnology porta (NNI) web grade www. nano. gov NNI site What is Nanotechnology http//www. nano. gov/nanotech-101/what Nano Science and applied science make up http//www. nsti. org/UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG knave 1 of 10 Lesson Outline Pre-class assignment Knowledge Probe Before coming to class, you complete an on-line assessment of your current mind of nanoscience vs. nanotechnology (KP Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology). In-class Activity NanoScience vs. NanoTechnology In this action you will develop your own translations of nanoscience and nanotechnology ground on current experience. You will be necessitate to carry on your results with the instructor and other students as cave in of the class discussion. hold forthion on the results of Activity You will share your comments of nanoscience and nanotechnolo gy with other students and the instructors. The discussion should cover the differences and similarities of apiece. The instructor will present several examples of which you will determine nanoscience, nanotechnology or both. The class will r apiece a consensus on the correct definition of each. Post-Assessment sub a short assessment that measures your understanding of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Assessment dodging You will be assessed on the side by side(p) ? devise of the online Knowledge Probe Nanoscience vs. nanotechnology ? Participation in the classroom discussion ? Grade on the in-class Post-Quiz Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology Terminology Nanoscience Nanotechnology Nano http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nano nanometre http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/ micromillimetre Science http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/science Technology http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/technology UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnol ogy IG scalawag 2 of 10 Introduction What is Nanoscience?To give you a hint, the illustration below represents a bio speck that nanoscientists declare observed. What is it? introductory of all, whats the red spiral? Whats the figure walking on top of the red spiral? Give up? Very simply put, the red spiral is a microfilament, a minute fiber found in muscle carrells. The spurt figure walking on top of the microfilament is a protein subnuclear particle called myosin. Nanoscientists have pecked that the mysoin protein acts like a linear motor. To contract a muscle, the myosin molecule (or motor) walks in nano- scratch steps along the microfilament.As the myosin molecule walks, it pulls on the microfilament ca utilize the muscle cells to contract. Illustration by and politeness of PrecisionGraphics. com So what is Nanoscience? This is really a 2 share question 1) What is nano? 2) What is science? By the end of this lesson, you will be able to say these questions. You will in like manner be able to answer the question What is the difference between Nanoscience and Nanotechnology? There is a huge difference So lets find out. UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG summon 3 of 10 Lesson Content What is Nano?Lets start with answering the question, What is nano? here(predicate) are some nano-size objects deoxyribonucleic acid Molecule DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) around 2 nanometers in diameter lots of Silicon atoms Each silicon atom is approximately 0. 234 nanometers in diameter therefore this picture is about 4 nm wide. This picture was taken use an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). AFM image by and good manners of Franz Giessibl NanoDot This image shows a nano-size Gold particle (50 nm) sit on the end of a micro hobotilever. Courtesy of the Craighead Group, Cornell UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG page 4 of 10 The Definition of Nano Nano is a c alculated prefix which is applied to measurements of space such as millimeter, micrometer, and nanometers. It can also be applied to measurements that advise the amount of something milliampere or nanoamperes (an amounts of electrical current), microliters or nanoliters (the amount of a volume), and kilograms or nanograms (the mass of something). The prefix nano is used as another indication of size or amount. You may already know, or concisely will find out, that a nanometer is outlined as one-billionth of a meter (1 x 10-9 meter).A meter is a little longer than a yard (1 meter = 1. 09 yards). Graphic unit is nanometer Graphic source National Cancer lay dismantle What is Science? Now lets look at the entropy question What is science? There are some(prenominal) definitions of science. Here are a couple 1) The imperious observation of natural events and conditions in order to discover facts about them and to formulate laws and principals based on these facts. Academic stir dictionary of Science and Technology 2) The organized consistency of knowledge that is derived from such observations and that can be verified or tested by shape up investigation. Academic raise up Dictionary of Science and Technology Sound pretty complicated? sanitary it isnt really. It just takes some time to look about it. UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG varlet 5 of 10 One substance to look at the definition of science is that science is adjudicateing to figure out natures rule book. ? What are the rules which rate material properties? ? How do things move? ? Why do natural events occur as they do? An example of nanoscience was the discover of how the gecko can walk on ceilings and joint to glass walls of an aquarium.Hint It has something to do with nano-size objects in the feet. Youll prove this afterward in this course. Through science we know the answer to questions such as these ? Why are plants dark-green? ? Why do some things float and others pass off away? ? How do our lungs pull the oxygen out of the pushover? Scientists are the people who do the investigations or experiments and try to determine what the rules of nature are. The experiments are done in a very precise and systematic way so that others can re-do the experiments and (hopefully) get the akin results. acquiring the same results is what is meant by being verifiable and repeatable. So now you should have a go bad supposition as to what science means Figuring out the rules which determine how things work in nature. UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG page 6 of 10 What is Technology? What does the term Technology really mean? We live in a society which is packed with all sorts of technology iPODs, iPads, cell phones, laptops, GPS (Global Positioning Systems), gaming systems (Wii, Nintendo, X-box, Playstation), DLP (Digital Light Processors) displays, LCD (Liquid wa tch crystal Display), WiFi Im sure you can come up with dozens more technology driven devices and systems.How is Technology defined? The National ground of Health (NIH) defines technology as A body of knowledge used to create tools, develop skills, and root for or collect materials the activity of science (the combining of the scientific method and material) to meet an objective or solve a problem. Merriam-Webster on-line dictionary defines technology as 1 a the practical application of knowledge in particular in a special(prenominal) area b a capability habituated by the practical application of knowledge 2 a manner of accomplishing a task especially using technical shapees, methods, or knowledge.UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 7 of 10 So What is NanoTechnology? Here are a couple of examples of Nanotechnology. Liposome A liposome is a piffling nanoparticle or vacated sphere made out of the same material as a cel l membrane. It is hoped that one day we can fill a lipsome with doses and spud it into the blood stream. Using the properties associated with the liposomes membrane, it will connect to a cancerous tumor, emit the drugs and kill the cancerous cells. vitamin C Nanotubes (CNTs) Carbon nanotubes use the properties of carbon to form tubes with a length to diameter ratio greater than 1,000,000 Potential applications of CNTs hold electrical connections for micro and nano-sized electronics, fibers 20 times stronger than bulletresistent kevlar fibers, and surfaces cheater than polytetrafluoroethylene. Images by Junifer Nez, SCME So, what do you think? What is NanoTechnology? Activity NanoScience vs. NanoTechnology liaison to and complete the activity Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 8 of 10An Example of Nanoscience Enabling Nanotechnology Now that you have positive definitions for nanoscience an d nanotechnology, what do you think is the difference between the two? In this picture you see a flick of a molecule. This particular molecule makes up the celebrated non-stick polytetrafluoroethylene coating used on cookware, telecom cables, and clothes. Identifying the molecules design and determining its physical and chemical substance properties are examples of nanoscience. Learning how to control and mass produce the molecule to make the desired Teflon coatings is an example of nanotechnology. Images by SCMEMore on Teflon Coatings The molecules that are used for Teflon coatings repel piss molecules when assembled in a film. These Teflon coatings are said to be aquaphobic. Hydro means water and phobic means scared of or repulsed by. Nanotechnology has engineer to the festering of a process that takes billions and billions of these molecules to make a continuous coating. The result is a hydrophobic surface called a Teflon coating. UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnol ogy_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 9 of 10 Summary In this lesson you have larn ? what is nanoscience, ? hat is nanotechnology, and ? what are the differences and similarities between nanoscience and nanotechnology. Through the applications youve seen, you should have recognized that nanoscience and nanotechnology are not science fiction, but are areas of study that are growing at a tremendous pace throughout the valet in a variety of fields. Homework Complete the on-line Assessment Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology References 1 Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) web site www. nano. gov Nano Science and Technology Institute http//www. nsti. org/This work has been funded through the assist of a National Science Foundation grant, collectible UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 10 of 10 Activity Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology Nanoscience vs. Nanotec hnology Student draw off Introduction This activity will help you to better identify the difference between nanoscience and nanotechnology. In this activity you will develop your own definitions of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Once your definitions have been developed, you will work with the other students and reach a consensus on what is the best definition for each of these two areas.Activity Time to Complete approximately 45 minutes. aff look 1. Write down your definition of nanoscience. 2. Write down your definition of nanotechnology. 3. Share your definitions with the other students in the class or through the discussion board. 4. Review others definitions of nanoscience and nanotechnology. 5. Discuss your definitions and, as a group, reach a consensus on a definition for each term. (Do not use the definitions used in this lesson. Come up with your own. ) 6. conciliate your activity results to your instructor. UNM NanoTechnology Definitions_AC_PG_031912 Definitions Nanosc ience vs.Nanotechnology AC_PG Page 1 of 1 Post-Activity Questions / Answers 1. List at to the lowest degree two examples, experiments or discoveries that would fall under your definition of nanoscience. 2. List at least two examples, experiments, or developments that would fall under your definition of nanotechnology. 3. Is there a clear dividing line between nanoscience and nanotechnology? Support your answer with examples. Summary This activity allowed you to further your understanding of nanoscience vs. nanotechnology and identify examples of each. This work has been funded through the support of a National Science Foundation grant, DUE UNM NanoTechnology Definitions_AC_PG_031912 Definitions Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology AC_PG Page 2 of 2 UNM NanoTechnology Definitions_AC_PG_031912 Cut To size Activity IG Page 3 of 3 This quiz must be taken in the lead the first class meeting. Online quiz Knowledge Probe Nanoscience vs. nanotechnology 1. Nanoscience a. Develops means by whic h to manipulate particles at the molecular(a) take b. Develops the systems for studying particles at the molecular aim c. Studies the properties of particles at the molecular level d. Studies the formation of particles at the molecular level 2. Nanotechnology a.Develops means by which to manipulate particles at the molecular level b. Develops the systems for studying particles at the molecular level c. Studies the properties of particles at the molecular level d. Studies the formation of particles at the molecular level 3. For each of the following, identify it as either nanoscience or nanotechnology a. The evolution of the properties of self-assembly i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology b. The study of the rules that govern material properties at the nanoscale i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology c. The development of liposome vesicles into drug delivery systems i.Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology d. The design of a process that yields hydrophobic films i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology e. The identification of the molecular design of hydrophobic materials i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology 4. Nanotechnology ____________________ the findings of nanoscience. a. Validates b. Exploits c. Manipulates d. Clarifies 5. Which of the following is a job requirement for a locomotive engineer working for a nanotechnology company? a. cultivate commercial-scale payoff equipment to produce, test, or modify materials, devices for the utilization of understanding their chemical and physical properties. b.Research and manipulate structures at the atomic and subatomic level for the purpose of understanding their hydrophobic characteristics. c. prove with and modify processes for the development of new heftiness producing products using nano-size particles. UNM NanoTechnology Quiz1-science_tech_PG_030112 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 1 of 1 Post-Discussion Quiz Nanoscience vs. nanotechnology 1. Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter at the nanoscale for the purpo se of a. Discovering new physical properties b. Analyzing how molecules react to each other c. Proving or disproving established theories d.Creating new products or applications 2. For each of the following, identify it as either nanoscience or nanotechnology a. The study of the rules that govern material properties at the nanoscale i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology b. The development of liposome vesicles into drug delivery systems i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology c. The exploitation of the properties of self-assembly i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology d. The identification of the molecular design of hydrophobic materials i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology e. The design of a process that yields hydrophobic films i. Nanoscience ii.Nanotechnology 3. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Nanotechnology enables the advancement of nanoscience. b. Nanoscience enables the advancement of nanotechnology. c. Nanoscience exploits the properties of nanoparticles for military man gain. d . Nanotechnology is the study and discovery of the properties of matter in the nanoscale. 4. Which of the following is a job requirement for a applied scientist working for a nanotechnology company? a. Operate commercial-scale production equipment to produce, test, or modify materials, devices for the purpose of understanding their chemical and physical properties. b.Research and manipulate structures at the atomic and subatomic level for the purpose of understanding their hydrophobic characteristics. c. Experiment with and modify processes for the development of new energy producing products using nano-size particles. 5. Which of the following questions would be answered by a technologist versus a scientist? a. What is needed to create a hydrophobic surface? b. How do our lungs extract oxygen from air? c. Why dont plants stay green year round? d. What is the melting temperature of nano-particles of gold? UNM NanoTechnology Quiz2-science_tech_PG_030112 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnolog y IG Page 1 of 1